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Post by Atlantid on Jan 10, 2013 0:00:10 GMT -5
No, that's what the Bigfoot researcher Krantz tried and, of course, failed to prove. You can safely make that argument the day that genes don't primarily determine phenotype/observable characteristics. Typology recognises how genes determine phenotype, it rejects population genetics for the simple reason (homogenous) race populations no longer exist in Homo sapiens. Therefore whatever the population geneticist decides is a "population" is arbritary and socially constructed. This is precisely why population genetics gave birth to race denialism (clinalism). The race types in sharp contrast of a typologist are not social constructs. Someone doesn't purely invent them, like populations. Well, that's a common misunderstanding. The error goes back to Howells. Coon's model always allowed for gene flow. In fact he believed the Mongoloid line reached its sapien grade, by Mongoloid females being impregnated by Caucasoid males. In turn the Mongoloid line sapienized the Australoid. The idea Coon asserted the races evolved "parallel" is a straw man. Its why his theory never gained much support. Administrator: Text edited out per Terms of Service.I know that paper. However I take Adreasen's argument. You can check her paper: Andreasen RO (2004) The cladistic race concept: a defense. Biol Philos 19:425–442.
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Post by Noah on Jan 10, 2013 18:30:48 GMT -5
Typology recognises how genes determine phenotype Sure it does. Well, that's a common misunderstanding. The error goes back to Howells. Coon's model always allowed for gene flow. Actually, gene flow is part and parcel of the evolutionary polygenism theory. I know that paper. However I take Adreasen's argument. You can check her paper: Andreasen RO (2004) The cladistic race concept: a defense. Biol Philos 19:425–442. Good for you. As it so happens, I know that paper too.
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Post by alaujani on Jan 15, 2013 17:31:41 GMT -5
Below is the definition of the Caucasoid race from Grolier's Encyclopedia Americana (2001), including the Hamitic branch: "CAUCASOID, ko'ka-soid, one of the major racial groups of mankind found in Europe, the Americas. North Africa, the Middle East, and India. "Caucasoid" or "Caucasian" is often equated with "white," but this is inaccurate because the group includes many populations of dark complexion. The term was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the 18th century because the skull he took as typical for the group was that of the Georgian women from the Caucasus. Blumenbach thought the type may have originated in the Caucasus, but in fact no one knows. Skin color among Caucasoids varies from pale, reddish-white to dark brown. Head hair varies from silky straight to curly. It is almost never woolly, and the individual hairs are seldom as coarse or as sparsely distributed as in Mongoloids. In males, the hair on the face and over the rest of the body is usually well developed. All forms of head shape occur, but the general tendency is to broadheadedness (brachycephaly). The nose tends to be comparatively narrow and projecting. The cheekbones are generally not prominent, and the lips tend to vary from thin to moderately developed. The face tends to be straight (orthognathic), and the forehead is comparatively high.
REPRESENTATIVE CAUCASOID POPULATIONS
Basic Mediterranean: Best seen among the Portuguese, Spaniards, and some English and Welsh; in North Africa among the Hamitic-speaking peoples; in Arabia; and among the Berbers of Morocco.
Atlanto-Mediterranean: Principal element in the population of North Africa; strongly represented in Iraq, Israel, parts of Arabia, and the eastern Balkans, and to some extent in Portugal, Spain, and the British Isles.
Irano-Afghan Mediterranean: The principal element in the populations of Iran, Afghanistan, the Turkoman country, found also in parts of India, Arabia, and North Africa.
Nordic: The characteristic type of Scandinavia, found with varying frequencies in Iceland, Frisian Islands, British Isles, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the north central European plain, which is bounded by Russia on the east, and Poland and Northern Germany on the west.
Alpine: The populations concentrated along a mountainous range extending from France along the Alps, through the Balkans and into the mountains of Asia Minor, and northwest into Russia and Siberia. The type is found sporadically throughout Europe.
Dinaric: Sometimes called Adriatic or Illyrian. The type is found from eastern Switzerland through the Austrian Tyrol, Yugoslavia, and Albania.
Armenoid: Found in Asia Minor to the east and southeast of the Black Sea.
Hamitic: Essentially Basic Mediterraneans ranging over the greater part of North and East Africa. They comprise the Northern Hamites: the Libyans, or Mediterranean Berbers of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Tunisia, and Algeria; the Atlantic Berbers of Morocco such as the Kabyles; the West Saharan Berbers, or Tuaregs; the Tibu of East Sahara: the Fula or Fulani of Nigeria; and the extinct Guanche of the Canary Islands. The Eastern Hamites comprise the ancient and modern Egyptians, now much mixed with Arabic elements, and the Nubians, Beja, Galla, Somali, Danakil, and most Ethiopians."
books.google.ca/books?id=HI1FAAAAYAAJ&q=%22in+Arabia;+and+among+the+Berbers+of+Morocco%22&dq=%22in+Arabia;+and+among+the+Berbers+of+Morocco%22&hl=en&ei=TV5QTqztGaLv0gGz4rT9Bg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA Are not fulas 70 something percent e1b1a which is 10-20 percent more than the African Americans? Tuareg from Al Awaynat and Tahala, Libya are 46.5% e1b1a, is not this bantu?
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Post by Noah on Jan 15, 2013 21:56:42 GMT -5
Are not fulas 70 something percent e1b1a which is 10-20 percent more than the African Americans? The Fulani/Fula/Fulbe in West Africa do tend to have high frequencies of haplogroup E1b1a. However, according to Hassan et al. (2008), those in Sudan have around a 50% frequency of the West Eurasian paternal clade R1; the rest mainly belong to haplogroup E1b1b. These other lineages likely represent traces of the male migrants who contributed some of the Caucasoid physical and genetic characteristics that are today found amongst a minority of Fulani: "We confirmed previous observations, based on HLA class I data, that the Fulani from Burkina Faso are genetically differentiated from sympatric Mossi and Rimaibe;. We have also observed that the Fulani from Burkina Faso are very close to the Fulani from The Gambia, indicating that the Fulani populations of the two countries could be the descendants of the same group of ancestors. Furthermore, both the Fulani from Burkina Faso and from The Gambia share the distribution of specific alleles with East African populations. In particular, the DRB1*04 allele is absent or rare in all Sub-Saharan African populations, except in the Fulani and in Amhara-Oromo from Ethiopia, where it reaches a frequency close to that of Europeans. These observations are in agreement with the hypothesis that the Fulani’s genetic make-up includes an appreciable Caucasoid component of possible East-African origin, which has been suggested on the basis of their physical features and cultural traditions."
www.afshg.org/AfSHG2009_Final_Programme_Abstract_Book.pdf
Tuareg from Al Awaynat and Tahala, Libya are 46.5% e1b1a Certain Tuareg groups also have very high frequencies of haplogroup E1b1b, like most Berbers. e1b1a, is not this bantu? Haplogroup E as a whole was originally a Hamitic haplogroup. It was later introduced to Sub-Saharan peoples through intermixing. Until the relatively recent Bantu expansion that helped spread the clade, haplogroup E was absent from much of Sub-Saharan Africa. Most peoples in the area instead belonged to the Paleoafrican haplogroups A and B, clades which have been retained by the Pygmy and Khoisan hunter-gatherers as well as most Nilotes in the Sudan region. See the Hamitic origin of Haplogroup E thread for more details.
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